Examining class differences Essay Example for Free

Examining class differences Essay (a)Explain briefly what is meant by the term ‘elaborated speech code’ . Elaborate speech code is usually associated with middle-class, well educated people. It uses a wide variety of vocabulary, is more context based, uses grammatically complex sentences, communicates abstract ideas and is mostly context-free. (b)Identify three policies that governments have introduced to compensate for material and cultural disadvantage, apart from Educational Priority Areas. Compensatory education is a policy designed in order to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation, by providing resources to communities as well as schools in deprived areas. An example of a compensatory education programme is Operation Head Start in the United States, which is one of the best known examples of such programmes. Operation Head Start focuses on pre-school ‘planned enrichment’ education in poorer areas, which was introduced in the 1960s. Their aim was to develop children’s learning skills and instil achievement motivation. This included tasks such as: setting up nursery classes, home visits by health visitors and educational psychologists, improving parenting skills and the creation of intensive learning programmes for deprived children. Sesame Street, the popular TV programme, was initially created as part of Head Start, in order to reach young children and reflecting the values and attitudes needed for educational success; such as the importance of general knowledge, literacy and numeracy. In the UK, there have been several compensatory education programmes over the years, such as the Education Priority Areas that were created in the 1960s, Education Action Zones, which were introduced in the 1960s, and more recently, with the launch in 2000, comes Sure Start. Sure Start is a nationwide programme aimed at pre-school children as well as their parents. However, it also has non-educational aims, such as improving children’s health. Sure Start was introduced by the British Government in order to tackle poverty and social exclusion. The centres available provide integrated education, family support, support with parental employment, care and health services. Sure Start’s main aim is to work with parents to promote the physical, intellectual, educational and social development of babies and young children, particularly those who are disadvantaged. (c)Outline some of the ways in which material deprivation may affect educational achievement. Material deprivation is a lack of resources and necessities needed to live a basic lifestyle, such as an adequate diet, housing, clothing, or in some cases, the money to be able to buy these things. Material deprivation can affect educational achievement as the result of the lack of these necessities. Children in education will need financial support from their parents/carers in order to pursue a sufficient education; however disadvantaged families cannot afford educational aids. As well as that, families living in poverty may have limited space in their home. This leads to overcrowding, which means there is nowhere for the child to study. Also, this could lead to illness, depending on the state and cleanliness of the house. For example, dampness can cause a variety of illnesses, which leads to absence at school, therefore, lessening the child’s chance of a successful education. Some parents may force their children to leave school early and pursue a career in order to provide extra income for the family. (d)Using material from Item A (source) and elsewhere, assess the view that working class children under-achieve because they are culturally deprived. The idea that working-class children will most likely under-achieve due to a lack of culture, also known as cultural deprivation, refers to children lacking the norms, values, beliefs, skills and knowledge that a society would regard as important and necessary. The attributes that these children should know and learn are, in most cases, taught by their parents and are passed to the next generation through socialisation. All children are socialised differently, and the social class of the parent has a huge impact on the child and may affect their achievement in education. According to the cultural deprivation theory, some working-class parents fail to communicate and instil the appropriate norms, values, beliefs, skills and knowledge needed for educational success. However, there are other factors that can determine how well a child does within education. For example, material deprivation, cultural capital and economic capital can also have an impact on how well some children will attain, therefore cultural deprivation is not the only factor and may not be the most important reason to why working-class children under-achieve.

Hamlets Soliloquies Essays -- Essays Papers

Hamlets Soliloquies The soliloquies spoken by Hamlet were directed to the audience, rather than seeming like conversations with himself. In the first soliloquy, Hamlet talks about how aggravated at life he is and that if it weren’t for God’s laws he would commit suicide. He is not really morning his fathers death in this soliloquy but more his disgust for his mother for marring his uncle especially a few months after his father’s death. He then goes on to explain he must remain silent. He is explaining to the audience that nothing can undo the situation to make it any better. But that isn’t good enough for Hamlet. Something has to be done. This soliloquy sparks an interest in the reader and provides a glimpse into Hamlet’s thoughts while informing the audience of the history of his family’s tribulations. In the second soliloquy Hamlet calls on the audience, the â€Å"distracted globe†, to hear his vow to get revenge on his uncle and to erase all from his mind except that of what the ghost had informed him of. The ghost, Hamlet’s father, had explained to him that Cl... Hamlet's Soliloquies Essays -- Essays Papers Hamlets Soliloquies The soliloquies spoken by Hamlet were directed to the audience, rather than seeming like conversations with himself. In the first soliloquy, Hamlet talks about how aggravated at life he is and that if it weren’t for God’s laws he would commit suicide. He is not really morning his fathers death in this soliloquy but more his disgust for his mother for marring his uncle especially a few months after his father’s death. He then goes on to explain he must remain silent. He is explaining to the audience that nothing can undo the situation to make it any better. But that isn’t good enough for Hamlet. Something has to be done. This soliloquy sparks an interest in the reader and provides a glimpse into Hamlet’s thoughts while informing the audience of the history of his family’s tribulations. In the second soliloquy Hamlet calls on the audience, the â€Å"distracted globe†, to hear his vow to get revenge on his uncle and to erase all from his mind except that of what the ghost had informed him of. The ghost, Hamlet’s father, had explained to him that Cl...

Always Running Chapter Essay

Summary: Luis describes his life as part of the gang, saying that he and his friends are in a vacant lot they had claimed as their own, furnished with old sofas and covered by plastic to keep off at least some of the rain when an old car comes by. Two of the group go to the street to get a better look and one, Clavo, is shot in the face. Clavo loses an eye in the shooting. Luis and Rano do many jobs, ranging from cleaning houses, lawns, pools and garages to paper routes. They give all the money to their mother and Luis notes that there is always a need to for more. As a teenager and after Clavo leaves the neighborhood, Luis becomes friends with a young man named Claudio Ponce, known as Yuk Yuk because of his distinctive laugh. It’s Yuk Yuk who introduces Luis to stealing. With Yuk Yuk leading, meet a man named Jandro Mares, who has the teens steal specific cars on order, drive them back to Jandro’s garage and strip them down. They also steal bikes, jewelry, electronics and other items for a man named Shed Cowager who pays cash for almost anything they can steal. They soon graduate to residential burglary and robbing convenience stores. There is race trouble at the beginning of every school year. During one incident, the police arrive to break up a fight, the whites leave without a problem and the Mexicans arrested or expelled. Luis’s mother is finally fed up with pulling him out of jail and watching him in trouble, and kicks him out of the house. Luis suffers a hernia and has to have surgery. Luis describes, in great detail, the effects of a high from â€Å"sniffing† intoxicants including various sprays and gas. Luis begins dating Wilo’s younger sister, Payasa. Soon after he breaks up with her, she is admitted to a rehabilitation center for additions. Later, Wilo and Payasa leave the Barrior for what they hope is a better life.

Divine Comedy - The Trinity in Dantes Inferno Essay

The Trinity in The Inferno Dantes Inferno, itself one piece of a literary trilogy, repeatedly deploys the leitmotif of the number three as a metaphor for ambiguity, compromise, and transition. A work in terza rima that details a descent through Nine Circles of Hell, The Inferno encompasses temporal, literary, and political bridges and chasms that link Dantes inspired Centaur work between the autobiographical and the fictive, the mundane and the divine and, from a contemporary viewpoint, the Medieval and the Modern†¹Dantes recognition of the Renaissance as our millenniums metamorphic period and of himself as its poetic forerunner (until deposition by Shakespeare). The Inferno is a work of transition†¦show more content†¦Of course, Dante was in exile when he wrote The Inferno, but his journey takes place beforehand. This presaging underscores the theme of cyclical time in the epic, that of historical repetition with confused tenses. The tangle of temporalities is never more evident than in the Sixth Circle, comprised of Heretics. Dante is told of his future difficulties in returning to Florence from exile: If they were slow, he said, Å’to learn that art,/ that is more torment to me than this bed./ And yet the Lady who is ruler here/ will not have her face kindled fifty times/ before you learn how heavy is that art (X, 77-81). As Mandelbaum points out, Dante himself learned within 50 months how difficult it is to try to return from exile (Notes, Canto X, 81). This vision of futurity is also bestowed upon the damned: It seems, if I hear right, that you can see/ beforehand that which time is carrying,/ but youre denied the sight of present things./ Å’We see, even as men who are farsighted,/ those things, he said, Å’that are remote from us;/ the Highest Lord allots us that much light./ But when events draw near or are, our minds/ are useless; were we not informed by others,/ we should know nothing of your human state./ So you can understand how our awareness/ will die completely at the moment when/ the portal of the future has been shut (X, 97-108). The rhyme scheme of The Inferno also presents theShow MoreRelatedThe True Meaning of Dante ´s Inferno Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough The Divine Comedy chronicles Dantes journey from the depths of Hell to the glory of Heaven it contains a deeper meaning. Dante reveals the true meaning of the Inferno through his leading motif, his interactions between the sinners, and the intertwining of other literary works into the Inferno. The repeated motif of the number three is used to represent the Holy Trinity and all things holy. The first evidence of the number three comes not from the story but from the The Divine Comedy itselfRead MoreInferno And The Divine Comedy1834 Words   |  8 PagesInferno (c. 1314) serves as the first part of Dante Alighieri’s poem Divine Comedy which is a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven. On a broader level, Divine Comedy serves as an allegory for the journey of the soul towards God through the created earth. Inferno and the Divine Comedy serve as a form of scholastic thought, the rational study of religion, as Dante draws on medieval theology to share the modern view on God and the afterlife. This essay explores Dante’s perception of the universeRead MoreDante Alighieri ( 1265-1321 )1353 Words   |  6 PagesCampaldino. 2. There was a lot of political unrest during Dante’s lifetime, as well as a horde of new poetical and literary movements that arose. This was due to the Guelfi Party’s split into two: those in favor of the pope and those in favor of the emperor. In addition, the new poetical movement that came about was called the â€Å"Stilnovo†, and was basically a style where poets would discuss their feelings of love and theorize about love. 3. Dante’s wife, Gemma Donati, does not have as large an influenceRead MoreThemes In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy747 Words   |  3 PagesAlighieri’s work, The Divine Comedy, he employs the use of first person and an immense level of detail to create a story like no other. Dante’s use of a combination of people from famous historical figures to people who were still living at the time helps humanize everything and applies actual human emotions. Alighieri also uses a first person point of view to help connect and relate to its readers and imagery allows them to picture the setting and characters better. Because of The Divine Comedy’s complicatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Dante s Inferno ( Hell )1956 Words   |  8 PagesLisa Gambrell Armond Boudreaux ENGL 2111 22 November 2015 Dante’s Journey Dante’s Inferno (Hell) is the first book from The Divine Comedy. The literary work is an allegory telling about Dante’s journey through Hell. The inscription on the gates of Hell read, â€Å"ABANDON EVERY HOPE, ALL YOU WHO ENTER† (line 9). The chief punishment of all the inhabitants of the Inferno is no hope. They have no have no hope of salvation, no hope of release, no hope of any improvement, or escape from their punishmentsRead More Dante?s Inferno Essay examples1892 Words   |  8 Pagesbe present upon deeper investigation and exploration. In works regarding religion or spiritual matters, oftentimes it is very common to find symbolism, and this is very true of Dantes Divine Comedy, a work so full of symbolism that there is only time enough to concentrate on the first two cantos of the first book Inferno. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When putting this work into context so that the symbolism may be appreciated, we must remember that this was written a long time ago. It was writtenRead MoreAnalyzing Dantes The Divine Comedy2313 Words   |  9 Pagesmeted out and his use of contrapasso. Durante degli Alighieri, usually referred to as Dante (1265-1321), was an Italian poet, moral philosophers, and political thinker best known for his epic poem La divina commedia. Essentially, The Divine Comedy describes Dantes journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise guided at first by the Roman poet Virgil, and then by Beatrice, the subject of his undying love. In many ways, though, the poem is both a literary story of a journey and a commentary aboutRead MoreThe Divine Comedy: Allegory2235 Words   |  9 PagesThe Divine Comedy: Inferno Dante Alighieri Major Characters †¢ Dante Alighieri o Thirty-five years old at the beginning of the journey ( half of man’s biblical life span â€Å"threescore and ten years† (Psalm 90:10) o Lost his way on â€Å"the true path† of life ( sin has obstructed his path to God o Explores the nature of sin by traveling through hell o Rooted in the Everyman allegorical tradition ( represents humanity o Little known about his life

Portrayal of Indian Women Through Television Serials

PORTRAYAL OF INDIAN WOMEN THROUGH TELEVISION SERIALS Tender and the media is a subject that is being discussed frequently. The portrayal of gender as a product and the accompanying body politic in the media is well documented. Media can either be a accomplice to gender based discrimination by portraying stereotypical sensational images of women or it can provide balanced coverage that empowers women while exposing acts of gender bias. This essay of mine is specially focused on women’s issues and characters that are covered on television and the manner in which they are portrayed in Hindi television serials. Women portrayal in television is one of the disputable issues surrounding the media today. The modern images of the more liberated†¦show more content†¦Despite several debates and discussions taking place, new serials are cropping up every month, generally based on the same topic, as it seems like the viewers enjoy the suspense of a juicy family drama based on betrayal, deceit and an ultimate reconciliation. The target audience of Indian serials is assumed to be housewives and elderly women who spend their afternoons in front of the television, thus most of these melodramatic serials focus on the lives and personalities of these stereotypical women and showcase them in a positive or negative light. Marriage, being an issue of utmost importance and seen as a necessity in the traditional Indian household, is usually the focal point of most of these shows. The concept of fair and dark complexion has also been a hot topic for discussion. The attractiveness of a woman is usually measured by the colour of her skin. Some serials even go to the extent of casting darker women as the villains and fairer women as the fragile victim. These issues not only throw light on the plight of women in the Indian society, but also retard the improvement in the portrait of the fairer sex in India. Ekta Kapoor’s teleserials gave Indian television a new genre of women characters and the success of these characters calls for questioning our changing idols. Women if not shown portraying stereotyped, superhuman characters; are shown as schemers, manipulators, home-breakers or asShow MoreRelatedCodes and Conventions of Genres Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pagesword meaning that refers to types or categories of media products. Soap operas, situation comedies, police series, quiz shows and news programmes are just some of the genres to be found in television. Genres are identified by the particular conventions they use which are recognised through regular contact. Conventions are any elements which are repeated in such a way that they become familiar, predictable and associated in their use with a particular genre. Conventions include: Read MoreFemale Foeticide1557 Words   |  7 PagesContemporary Indian society professes a profound faith in every individual’s â€Å"right to life and dignity†. The rights relating to the weaker vulnerable sections of Indian society especially women, and more specially the girl child were violated. The twin social evils of female foeticide female infanticide were the main causes.Violence against women exists in various forms, in all societies, the world over. In 1996 the world health assembly endorsed the fact that violence against women is a PublicRead MoreContemporary Indian And Indian Drama1657 Words   |  7 Pages Contemporary Indian drama in English Translation has dramatically made bold innovations and successful experiments in terms of both thematic concerns and technical virtuosities. Mohan Rakesh, Badal Sircar, Girish Karnad, and Vijay Tendulkar are the most famous playwrights of the contemporary Indian drama, whose excellent works are now amply available in many languages throughout the globe. Mohan Rakesh s plays describe the sufferings of men and women, who fall victims of socio-economic hierarchyRead MoreRacial Stereotypes3031 Words   |  13 Pagesoften stereotyped and many actors are also â€Å"type-casted† in movie roles based on their race. Since the inception of television and movies in American popular culture, they have been used as a medium to portray certain images and messages about certain groups of people, particularly minorities, to spread fear and propaganda to the masses. One shining example of this is how television and magazines were used to depict black people in America during the early 1900’s. There were many different stereotypicalRead MoreDo Soap Operas Have The Potentials Empower Women Audience?3467 Words   |  14 Pagesempower women audience? Apply relevant feminist media theories to the analysis of one particular show. Introduction People nowadays live in a media society and they use different kinds of media products everyday. The public  enjoy  the  benefits  brought  by  technology as people not only can watch the programmes on television but also be able to watch them online. In Indonesia, nine out of ten people watch television every single day and a  growing amount of middle class people start television subscriptionRead MoreSatellite Channel Revolution in Bangladesh5002 Words   |  21 PagesConcept of Satellite Television in Bangladesh ï  ¶ Development of Satellite Television (STV) in Bangladesh ï  ¶ Background Information(Growth of TV Channels in Bangladesh) ï  ¶ List of Bangladeshi satellite channel ï  ¶ 1st satellite channel of Bangladesh ï  ¶ Programmes show in Bangladeshi satellite channel ï  ¶ TV news in banladeshi satellite channels ï  ¶ Beginning of the Change in Bangladesh ï  ¶ Cable Connection in Dhaka City ï  ¶ TV without Border (CNN entry in Bangladesh) ï  ¶ Satellite Television Asian Region (STAR) inRead MoreEssay on Western Movies Since 19602820 Words   |  12 Pagestwo Westerns were released, and neither was exactly a major success. Barbarosa, starring Willie Nelson, drew some respectable reviews–and some very damaging ones–but nobody went to see the film. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez appeared first on PBS television, then later went into general release. Today the Western seems to be deader than the California Med-fly. Critics and aficionados of the form can only hear, as with Arnolds sea of faith, its long receding roar. Everything except fluoride in theRead MoreThe Impact of Electronic Media on Performance of Students11847 Words   |  48 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The media, most especially television, mobile phone, internet, computer have gradually become a part of our daily lives, and sources of information, education and entertainment have been described as the primary functions of the media. Student at higher secondary level learnt more of media. There is three functions to the media: i. Surveillance of the Environment (the news function). ii. Correlation of the different parts of the

Comparing The Characters Of Richard III, Merchant Of...

Richard III, Merchant of Venice, and Titus Andronicus are three plays that each fall into a different genre of play written by Shakespeare. Richard III and Titus Andronicus are visibly more dramatic and intense in comparison to the darker comedy Merchant of Venice. Nonetheless, all of these plays feature villains who easily steal the attention due to their, mostly, egregious actions. To properly define and explain the varying levels of their villainy there are two terms that can attempt to categorize these villains, these are Vice-Like figures and Machiavels. A vice-like figure is a villain who is evil for the sole purpose of being evil, there are no rational motives behind their evil. On the other hand, a Machiavel has a goal in his evil,†¦show more content†¦His physical deformity is only ever mentioned in relation to add more depth to his villainy, meaning that his deformity is caused by his evil ways not that his deformity is the reason behind his evil ways. Moreover, th e way Richard manipulates almost everyone in the play to get what he wants makes it easy to forget his physical deformity when reading. His ability to manipulate the other characters is what makes Richard’s actions almost excusable and endlessly entertaining to read. Richard’s shrewdness is perfectly demonstrated in his exchange with Lady Anne at her husband’s funeral. Richard is able to persuade her to marry him during the funeral of her husband, who Richard happened to murder. He even admits that the only motives he has to marry her are for his own personal gain to get closer to the crown: â€Å"The readiest way to make the wench amends / Is to become her husband and her father; / The which will I, not all so much for love / As for another secret close intent.† (1.1.157-159). Throughout the play the only motivation behind Richard’s evil is his quest to become king. His motivations, though, are not enough to keep him from Machiavellian villain cat egory because the driving force behind his evil is rooted in egoistic gain. During the play none

Environmental Change Speech Changing Climatic Conditions

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Change Speech for Changing Climatic Conditions. Answer: Speech Ozone layer depletion, Global warming, Greenhouse emissions are some of the terms we have been coming across for quite some time now. All these terms are related to the changing climatic conditions of the world, putting forth the bare reality that mankind is facing today. With the idea of increasing production and income, the world witnessed industrialization. This phenomenon not only resulted in mass production of a wide variety of products making our life luxuries but has also brought with it certain devastating situations. The concepts ultimately resulted in evil activities like deforestation, increasing pollution accompanied by a constantly rising temperature. A little too late, the residents of the world realized that changes need to be made in the lifestyle if it is intended to sustain mankind on the precious green earth. To make up for the cons of the fast degrading situation of the only habitable planet, the necessity of preparing certain path to amend the condition was felt (Intergovernmental, 2014). One might be wondering if the climate has really changed the condition of the World so disastrously! It might seem fine today, because climate changes affect human life just the way it affect the glaciers. The change is slow just like a melting glacier (Cohen, 2014). The changing climatic conditions may not have an impact today, but it is bound to affect our future generations. Suffering from devastating situations like floods, drought, scarcity of natural resources and rising temperature would be common (Trenberth, 2014). The devastating situation is evident and does not need anyone to point it out separately. Do you remember the temperature of Canada a couple of years ago? Was it like it is today? Did so many natural calamities occur at these frequent intervals? Was it so hot, so cold, and so rainy? I am sure you have noticed the difference. So the question arises that what actually lead to these changes? Is it the dependency on technology and the need to earn more? We have all became the captives of technology and development. There is no one to blame because no one has made mistake, technology has brought advancement and helped us to achieve the unachieved. It falls in our responsibility to decrease the side effects of the same. There are several ways of participating in the process of making the World sustainable. One can contribute in activities like gardening or planting trees. Careful use of water and other natural resources and would definitely help the environmental condition to improve (Intergovernmental, 2015) Our country is bountiful in crude oil, minerals and timber. However, if these resources are consumed at the same rate as today, it is only a matter of time before we run out of these resources. An investment in the generation of renewable resources of energies, such as, solar and wind energy would help in sustaining the natural resources of Canada. The investment is small compared to other industrial investments but it will open the doors to countless energy industries creating jobs for growing next generation bio-fuels, building solar panels, innovative battery technology and so on. A billion dollars invested in a coal fired power plant creates around 900 jobs, but when the same is invested in solar would create 1,900 jobs and when invested in wind would create 3,300 (Hoffman, 2013). Also, it is an understatement to say that coal mining is a dangerous job. Therefore, it can be said that simply changing to an alternative energy rather than using up the non-renewable energy sources wo uld help in creating a better environment. At the same time it will help in employing large number of people (Rogelj, 2013). Another activity to combat with the changes is by decreasing our carbon foot print. To do the same we would have to shift from high carbon activities to low carbon activities. These low carbon activities are labor intense hence are strong drivers for job creation, especially in clean transport, recycling, and clean infrastructure and energy sectors (Stone, 2012). Investing in small changes in and around our houses and work environment by using insulated doors, continuous gardening, using programmable thermostats etc. would help to create jobs in the small scale industry. Using energy efficient infrastructure could be an extremely easy way to save the earth. Why use more power on equipment that would not only affect our pocket but also release toxic gases such as Chloro Fluoro Carbons and pollute our nature. On the other hand, investing in energy efficient equipment would result not only in saving money, but would also result in consumption of fewer natural resources. Not to mention, need for innovation and creative technology that would help in a greener earth is at its zenith today. Several small scale industries and startups such as food processing industries, poultry, fishing, road side vendors, leather products manufacturer and others, today are coming up with plans and equipment that would help everyone to adopt to the climatic changes (Bulkeley, 2013). It is us who have to give these companies the chance to help us create a better environment. The above mentioned small scale companies have the ability to increase the hiring capacity in the current industry providing employment to simple labor as well as innovators who work on either sides of development (Hoffman, 2013). Energy industries may not need a lot of manual labor once set up but have the potential to increase the need to labor for pipelines, transportation and manual set up activities. It is true that all the above ideas would cost us more than the conventional methods. However, the concept is not only to give our best to make sure we have a greener earth but also that there is an opportunity for increasing employment in the country. It is our responsibility to make sure that we take certain opportunities to see the brighter side of a climate change investment, where creating jobs and increasing the economy of the country goes side by side. Let us hope that our mere investment would be a contribution to return the favor that nature has done to us. References Bulkeley, H. and Castn Broto, V., 2013. Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 38(3), pp.361-375. Cohen, J., Screen, J.A., Furtado, J.C., Barlow, M., Whittleston, D., Coumou, D., Francis, J., Dethloff, K., Entekhabi, D., Overland, J. and Jones, J., 2014. Recent Arctic amplification and extreme mid-latitude weather. Nature geoscience, 7(9), pp.627-637. Hoffman, A.J. and Woody, J.G., 2013. Climate change: what's your business strategy?. Harvard Business Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Climate Change 2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects. Cambridge University Press. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2015. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press. Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M. and Knutti, R., 2012. Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates. Nature climate change, 2(4), pp.248-253. Stone, B., Vargo, J. and Habeeb, D., 2012. Managing climate change in cities: will climate action plans work?. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107(3), pp.263-271. Trenberth, K.E., Dai, A., van der Schrier, G., Jones, P.D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K.R. and Sheffield, J., 2014. Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), pp.17-22.